What is a Singleton class and how do you create one in Java?

Singleton Pattern in Java

By Nikola Pashov

JavaMidjava

What a Strong Answer Covers

• single instance
• private constructor
• static instance variable
• static getInstance()
• eager vs lazy initialization
• double-checked locking with volatile
• Bill Pugh inner class

Senior-Level Answer

The Singleton pattern ensures that a class has exactly one instance throughout the application's lifetime and provides a global point of access to it. It is one of the Gang of Four creational patterns.

There are several implementation approaches, each with different thread-safety and laziness characteristics.

**Eager initialization**: The instance is created when the class loads. Simple and thread-safe because class loading is atomic. Drawback: the instance is created even if never used. ```java public class Singleton { private static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton(); private Singleton() {} public static Singleton getInstance() { return INSTANCE; } } ```

**Double-checked locking** (lazy, thread-safe): Delays creation until first use. The `volatile` keyword is essential — without it, the JVM may reorder instructions and a second thread can observe a partially initialized object. ```java private static volatile Singleton instance; public static Singleton getInstance() { if (instance == null) { synchronized (Singleton.class) { if (instance == null) instance = new Singleton(); } } return instance; } ```

**Initialization-on-demand holder** (Bill Pugh): Leverages class loader guarantees. The nested static class is not loaded until `getInstance()` is called. Thread-safe without synchronization overhead. ```java private static class Holder { static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton(); } public static Singleton getInstance() { return Holder.INSTANCE; } ```

**Enum singleton** (Joshua Bloch's recommendation): Inherently serialization-safe and reflection-proof. Enum instances are guaranteed single by the JVM. ```java public enum Singleton { INSTANCE; } ```

Enums are preferred when you need guaranteed single-instance semantics with zero risk of serialization or reflection bypass.

What Separates a 2/3 from a 3/3

Common Mistakes

• Implementing double-checked locking without volatile on the instance field, which allows CPU/compiler instruction reordering to expose a partially constructed object.
• Not making the constructor private, allowing external instantiation.
• Forgetting that Singleton can be broken by serialization/deserialization or reflection unless using the enum approach.

Follow-Up Questions

• Why is volatile necessary in the double-checked locking pattern? — Without volatile, the JVM can reorder the write to instance before the constructor completes, letting another thread see a non-null but partially initialized object.
• How can reflection break a Singleton, and how does enum prevent it? — Constructor.setAccessible(true) can call private constructors. The JVM guarantees enum instances are created once and throws an exception if newInstance() is attempted.
• When is Singleton considered an anti-pattern in modern architecture? — It creates hidden global state, making testing (mocking) difficult. Dependency injection frameworks manage instance scope without static globals.